Naturalist and interpretationist social science Essay

The naturalist approach to social sciences is based on content. The naturalist actually pays attention to what people say and considers their life stories as revealing phenomena. On the other hand interpretational approach, if people have beliefs and desires, an interpreter ascribes them. In this approach there are no independent facts of the matter about content. So there should be some way in which the content is interpreted as a set of revealing set of beliefs. In other words, there should be some agent and a system of methods (procedures) with which the interpretation is done. So, the basic assumption in interpretationist approach is that there is an acceptable behavior of the agent whose relation to the environment is understood and that the beliefs of the agent will match those of the subject he is interpreting (Davidson. D, 1993). The basic conflict between these two approaches is that the naturalist approach accepts the contents of the life stories of what people say, on the other hand the interpretationist accepts only those beliefs and desires that are ascribed by an interpreter. The naturalist accepts that independent facts can exist on the other hand the Interpretationalism does not accept independent facts about mental content. The naturalist accepts what people say on the other hand unless ways of interpreting the spoken word is not found Interpretationalism does not accept the set of beliefs that are held by person making the utterances. Let us consider a more general fact that is studied by social sciences, that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase. The naturalist may study the life story of a commodity dealer who may give an account of how the prices of the commodities that he dealt with like wheat; barley and rye went up whenever there was a shortage of these commodities. The naturalist may then visit a grocer who may give a lifetime account of how every shortage led to increase in the prices of products he studies. The naturalist may proceed to take several such life stories, statistically significant and establish the cause and effect relationship between the shortage of supply and price increase. In case of Interpretationalism the scientist would approach an interpreter, in case of a commodity market it would not be the commodity dealer but an expert who would interpret the behavior of the dealers. The task of the interpretationist would be to first select the agent (agent) on the basis of his behavior in relationship to the market. The interpretationist would study the relationship of the expert with that of the commodity market, and attempt to ascertain if his beliefs are similar to those of his. Then the expert will interpret the behavior or the utterances of the commodity dealers and reach a conclusion that if the supply of a product decreases, then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for the product will increase. Currently, using an expert opinion is an interpretationist approach to market research. The strength of the naturalist approach in establishing that that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase is that the naturalist gets information direct from the dealers, that is from the people who are the actual actors. In addition, getting information from several actors increases the validity of the study as well as provides scope for statistical analysis. On the other hand the weakness of such an approach is that the naturalist may misinterpret the data from dealers. For, example the dealers may not eliminate the factors relating to â€Å"other things being equal†. It is possible that factors like a substantially increased demand may have led to the increase in prices but because the naturalist depends on the dealer’s accounts he may accept their interpretation that the prices of commodities have gone up because of decrease in supply. The strength of the interpretationist approach is that the interpreter or the agent has the expertise to interpret the utterances of the dealers. His relationship to the market (environment) is such that he has the ability to make a learned interpretation of what the market dealers utter. In addition, the agent is supposed to have beliefs that are similar to those of the interpretationist. In other words he has the sagacity to take into consideration â€Å"other things being equal†. The weakness of this approach is that the interpretationist has to depend on the interpreter or the expert. He does not have the facility of large numbers. It is not easy to subject the information to numerical analysis. In addition, there is a chance of errors in interpretation because the selection of the agent may be faulty. The agent’s relationship to the market (environment) may not be as close as required. In addition, the beliefs of the agent may be at variance with that of the researcher. In both these cases the results would be erroneous. To sum, there is a conflict in the approach of the naturalist and the interpretationist. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Adolescence and Moral Development Essay

Two major reasons exist for studying moral development during adolescence. First, cognitive changes that occur during adolescence are related to moral development. Formal operational thinking allows the adolescent to interpret the social environment in new and different ways. Second, because adolescents are capable of devising new and idealistic social orders to which all are expected to conform, we may view them as moral philosophers. A number of researchers have noted other changes in moral development that point to the importance of adolescence as a transition stage in moral development. Unlike children, the adolescent is concerned with what is right as opposed to what is wrong. Also, adolescents become more preoccupied with personal and social moral codes. As they gain the competency to understand alternative points of view, they see that the moral codes are relative, not absolute. The above changes result in some conflict between moral conduct and moral thinking during adolescence. Early writing in the area of moral development was left to philosophers, who evolved three major doctrines of morality, each of which is represented in contemporary psychological theorizing. The â€Å"doctrine of the original sin† assumed that parental intervention was necessary to save the child’s soul. Current-day vestiges of this viewpoint may be found in theories of personality structure and the development of the conscience, or superego, which argue that the child internalizes parental standards of right and wrong. See more:  Perseverance essay The â€Å"doctrine of innate purity† argued that the child is basically moral, or pure, and that society, especially adults, are corrupting influences. This view is represented in the theorizing of Piaget, who argues that morality develops from the acquisition of autonomy emerging from the need to get along with peers. Moral thinking develops through peer-to-peer interactions that lead to an understanding of rules, according to Piaget. He also believes that parents do not allow autonomous thinking to develop because parent-child relationships are basically heteronomous, that is, the child is ruled by the parents. Therefore, the parents retard moral development. The last philosophical doctrine is the â€Å"tabula rasa† notion, which assumes that the child is neither innately pure nor corrupt but the product of environmental influences. The current-day representatives of this position are the learning theorists, who believe that development is the result of reinforcement and imitation  mechanisms. In addition to these differing philosophical and theoretical views regarding the origin of morality, we must keep in mind the distinctions between three concepts: systems of morality, moral behavior and moral character. Systems of morality are evidenced in the rules that guide social and interpersonal behavior. That includes rules that are written down and those that are not. This broad definition includes all types of social behaviors, not just those we consider moral behavior. Moral behaviors are those behaviors that are consistent with rules of morality. Like moral systems, moral behaviors include social behaviors of all types. This definition of moral behavior also includes behavior contrary to that expressed in moral code. Immoral behavior is simply a subclass of moral behavior. Moral character is a much more difficult concept to define. It is mostly hard to define due to the fact it involves an individual’s motives for behaving in a particular way. The basic problem in defining moral character is to determine those personality dimensions that determine it and vary as a function of it. Moral knowledge , socialization, empathy, autonomy, and moral judgement are the major concepts defining moral character. In order to have successful peer and adult relationships, the adolescent must learn the rules of the society and act in accordance to these rules. Individuals who successfully master these tasks are said to possess moral character. Among psychologists, the writings of Freud and Piaget have had the greatest impact on research in moral development. Following their early works, there was little written about moral development. In the last two or three decades, there has been considerable research and theorizing about the process underlying moral development. According to the principles of psychoanalytic theory, morality is part of the individual’s conscience, or superego. The acquisition of morality is explained by the information of the superego, which results from resolution of the Oedipal complex and identification with the same-sex parent. Society ensures its survival through this identification process by imposing its cultural standards, as represented by the parents’ behaviors, attitudes, aspirations, on the individual. Although the exact basis is unclear, Freud’s theorizing has stimulated considerable research into the effects of parental behavior on the child’s moral development. The major research concerns have centered on moral character , the consistency of moral behavior across situations, and the role of parental disciplinary techniques in shaping moral behavior.

Blackrock Essay

The Portfolio Analytics Group or (PAG) within Blackrock Solutions utilises Blackrock’s proprietary analytics tools and models, such as the Green Package reporting suite, to measure risk on both a security and portfolio level. This area immediately attracts me as this is exactly the roles and responsibilities that i am looking for with regards to an internship Summer Internship with yourselves. The PAG Analyst role is central in supporting Blackrock’s investment process, producing reports and analytics utilised by all areas of the firm, giving rise to a unique opportunity to see how all functional areas operate and link together. The role is also central in supporting BlackRock Solutions external clients across their investment process and risk management oversight. Therefore this does not only fulfil and provide insight into all the areas that i am so very interested and intrigued by, but also gives a much broader perspective to the wider functions of BlackRock. BlackRock is widely recognized for its disciplined investment process and rigorous risk management. Since its inception, we have focused on the assessment of security and portfolio-level risks for investment decision making as well as for efficient transaction execution. As a result, BlackRock developed an integrated suite of investment management tools that provide solutions to these many varied facets of the business model. All these points help to culminate together in understanding what attracts me personally to an internship with an industry leader such as yourselves. The way you operate as a firm, your corporate culture and identity, plus your track record and that fact that you are so highly regarded within your respective industry fields, all help to see why exactly i am attracted to an internship opportunity at BlackRock, a firm that truly encapsulates everything i am looking for with regards to my future and further professional learning, development, and career prospects.

Measuring crime SC2E36C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Measuring crime SC2E36C - Essay Example 1999). According to him, the population from which the data is to be collected from should be studied well and all the traits of the various members should be considered before getting the sample. Traits like; social welfare of the parents, the environment of one’s upbringing, community perceptions among many other aspects should be considered before the sample is determined. In this case, the sample should be unbiased in that, each and every trait as said above should be included in the final sample. In this case, for the sample to be unbiased, all social groups should be included. The social welfare of the parents should be considered so as to have a sample with professionals, unskilled workers, skilled workers etc. Male and female representation should almost be the same and should be directed by availability (Judith, G and Nicki, T 2004). To get a good sample which is representative, then the following sampling techniques should be used according to the importance of the study. The first is random sampling where all the elements of the population have an equal chance of being selected. To Tronchim, W. (2008), this is applied in case the population is homogenous; the population is not spread. In this research study, this cannot be used since the population is not homogenous. Another technique is stratified sampling. In stratified sampling, the entire population is sub-divided into stratus each consisting of members which have the same traits (Tronchim, W. 2008). For example in this case, parents who are professionals should be counted as strata. Again, unskilled parents should form other strata. It is from the stratus that a sample is drawn where the sample size depends on the error of estimation and the size of the population. However, statistically, the larger the sample size the effective the findings as well the generalization of the same. This is the right technique to use in

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example Besides, Leonardo provided ample importance to his career as an artist, but provided less importance to his personal life. Thesis statement: Leonardo da Vinci’s professional life, major accomplishments, and major influences prove that Leonardo is symbolic of the influence of Renaissance spirit on humanity in general. Earlier Life: Some important facts on Leonardo’s birth, early life, parents, childhood days, and education are examinable. First of all, he was born in the year 1452. In addition, his birthplace was in Vinci. Joanne Mattern stated that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in a town called Vinci, Italy† (8). His father was Ser Piero, and his mother was Caterina. His father was born in a wealthy family, but his mother was a peasant. He spent his early childhood with his mother. Later, Leonardo became under the control of his father. But Leonardo’s father did not try to be a role model to his son because he ignored Leonardoâ€℠¢s mother. For instance, Leonardo’s father married Albiera and Francesca Lanfredini. In short, Leonardo was raised in Florence, under the direct control of his father, and this deeply influenced his later life. But this did not affect his education because he received education in the Latin language, geometry, and math. Besides, hardships in early life helped Leonardo to turn his attention towards nature and to observe human relationship with nature. At the same time, Leonardo considered that art can help him to acquire mastery in different fields. Besides, he did not hesitate to learn new things in his life. So, one can see that all these factors molded Leonardo’s character. Personal life From a different angle of view, Leonardo considered that one’s personal life should not be shared with others. To be specific, his lifelong bachelorship, career centrism, and workaholic attitude hindered him from creating intimate relationships with women. Besides, his earlier life with his father may have instilled the feeling of hatred towards married life. But one must not misunderstand that Leonardo was not able to create and maintain cordial friendship with womenfolk. For instance, Leonardo maintained lifelong relationship with two women, named Beatrice and Isabella. Leonardo’s relationship with these women was so intimate because he painted Isabella’s portrait and carried the same with him. This proves that some women were allowed to enter Leonardo’s private domain without any restriction. From a different angle of view, Leonardo provided ample importance to his career and it reduced the scope of marriage in his life. In addition, Leonardo was a strict vegetarian. As an individual who is deeply interested in nature, vegetarianism and consideration towards living things deeply influenced his life philosophy. At the same time, Leonardo maintained a number of male friends in his private life. This helped him to be in touch with ot her fields of knowledge like mathematics, architecture, and military science. But Leonardo never disclosed his sexuality and never allowed strangers to enter his private circle. He passed away in the 16th century (say, in the year 1519). Professional life: Leonardo started his professional life with Verrocchio. John Malam stated that, â€Å"When Leonardo was in his teens, his father took him to the city of Florence to meet Andrea del Verrocchio, who was a well known artist†

Identify an assesment tool analyse and critically discuss the validity Essay

Identify an assesment tool analyse and critically discuss the validity and reliability issues in relation to the tool - Essay Example The multitude of assessment tools, on the one hand, presents medical professionals with a unique opportunity to choose and use the tools that fit their needs and the needs of their patients. On the other hand, the multiplicity of tools creates conditions, in which variations in wound care practices may work against the principles of effective monitoring and measurement of ulcer healing. The Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) and the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT/ PSST) are the two most popular assessment tools in wound care, but it is more important and even interesting to reconsider the validity and reliability (if possible) of other wound assessment instruments. This paper will seek to evaluate and investigate the reliability and validity of the Sussman Wound Healing Tool (SWHT). Pressure ulcers or pressure sores present a ‘chronic problem of debilitated elders who are mainly bed or chair bound or unable to reposition themselves. The pressure ulcer is a localized area of tissue necrosis that develops when soft tissue is compressed against a bony prominence and an external surface for a long period of time† (Ebersole, Hess & Luggen 2004, p. 144). Pressure ulcers are usually the results of pressure, skin breakdown, maceration, or shearing (Baranoski & Ayello 2003; Ebersole, Hess & Luggen 2004). They can range from simple reddening to severe craters with exposed bone or muscle (Bluestein & Javaheri 2008). They are staged in four different categories: stage I can heal rapidly; stage II is treated effectively if patients avoid pressure and other risk factors; stage III requires using antiinfective agents and sometimes enzymatic debridement, whilst stage IV is associated with large and deep ulcers that often require surgical debridement of the necrotic tissue (Bates-Jensen et al 2003; Coleman et al 2002; Ebersole, Hess & Luggen, 2004). Given the importance of wound healing in different groups of

Gender Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Analysis - Research Paper Example Dee has a strained relationship with her mother as well which is the opposite of how Maggie is with her mother. Family differences cause strained relationships as well as increase the differences among the family members. In almost every family, there are those family members who are much more intelligent than the others. They therefore outshine them when it comes to education as well as among other different fields that demand intelligence. These differences in the intellectual ability of the family members leads them hiding their needs and wants in order to avoid being outsmarted by the bright one of being considered stupid in as far as innovation is concerned (Strain 186). In this family, Dee is the bright one intellectually in the family. She is brighter than her sister Maggie whose brain seems to function slightly slower than normal making her slow. He mother cannot be said to also be the brightest pea in the pod making Dee feel quite exceptional in the family. This may also be the reason for her to leave home and be as far away from them as possible. She vowed never to bring her friends in their home as it was not according to the standards of her company. Dee’s talk was also that of an intelligent person the only problem was that she used it to force decisions to her mother and sister leading her to be considered much more elegant and sophisticated. Physical differences are also a reason for families to have strained relationships with each other. The most beautiful of them all shows off her beauty in different ways. One of the ways is through the kind of clothes she wears. This makes the rest of the family members feel inferior while the culprit does not notice it and walks around all superior. At times, they are aware of their superiority in looks and make a point of making everyone else do as they wish simply because they are more beautiful and have great

See description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See description - Research Paper Example Medicare furnishes healthcare program to help such disadvantaged financial situations of the elderly U.S. residents. The workforce pays taxes to the government throughout the employment period. This accumulated money of the individual in the form of taxes is given back after 65 years of age independent of their current working status. While, the Medicaid delivers healthsecurity net to necessitous and vulnerable population, and are executed by individual State separately. Medicare’s senior enrollee can also be a part of Medicaid. Medicaid enrollees can avail additional cost benefits over Medicare for prescription drugs, diagnostic and preventive care, and eyeglasses (Nolo ®, 2010). The recipients of Medicare and Medicaid can overlap. In such cases, the entitled enrollee of Medicaid offers financial help for Medicare deductibles and the Medicare premium. As the global, political, social and environmental factors are charnging at fast pace, each federal program is facing ongoing challenges.These challenges are carried over and entire health care system is trapped into vicious cycle. Financing of Medicare as well as Medicaid is the most emerging issue due to corollary effect of general aging of society, economic recession, and unemployment. Managed care is the major health service program subsequent to the arrival of Medicare to reduce the cost of health care services for patients. Managed care plans are health insurance plans frequently involves unreasonable limits on visits with health care providers and medical facilities. But it no longer is viewed by most employers and federal and state governments as the primary means by which health care costs can be brought under control due to vested interest of individuals in America’s health care delivery system (Boyle & Callahan, 1995). Managed care system is connected with several legislative acts because of which it drew into controversy to give best service in the interests of patients. The clinicians,

Cloud Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cloud Development - Essay Example As the temperature decreases the molecules lose some of their energy, and compress onto particles in the atmosphere, shaping clouds. Water molecules are stored in the atmosphere in all three states of matter. Water vapor in the atmosphere is commonly referred to as humidity. If liquid and solid forms of water can overcome atmospheric updrafts they can fall to the Earth's surface as precipitation. The formation of ice crystals and water droplets occurs when the atmosphere is cooled to a temperature that causes condensation or deposition. Four processes that can trigger such atmospheric cooling are oro-graphic uplift; convectional uplift; air mass convergence; and energy loss. [01] Precipitation can be defined as any aqueous deposit, in liquid or solid form, that develops in a saturated atmospheric environment and generally falls from clouds. A number of different precipitation types have been classified by meteorologists including rain, freezing rain, snow, ice pellets, snow pellets, and hail. Fog represents the saturation of air near the ground surface. Classification of fog types is accomplished by the identific ation of the mechanism that caused the air to become saturated. [01] The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation. It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air temperature. A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns. Clouds and Their Formation: A cloud can be defined as a visible mass of condensed droplets, frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth. More importantly, these clouds can also occur as masses of material in interstellar space, where they are called interstellar clouds and nebulae. [02] On Earth the condensing substance is typically water vapor, which forms small droplets or ice crystals, typically 0.01 mm in diameter. [02] When surrounded by billions of other droplets or crystals they become visible as clouds. Dense deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible range of wavelengths: they thus appear white, at least from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the cloud, hence the gray or even sometimes dark appearance of the clouds at their base. [02] Thin clouds may appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background, and clouds illuminated by n on-white light, such as during sunrise or sunset, may be colored accordingly. In the near-infrared range, clouds would appear darker because the water that constitutes the cloud droplets strongly absorbs solar radiation at those wavelengths. [02] Types of Clouds: Although there are many types of clouds with respect to their different characteristics, clouds are mainly divided into three major classifications. These are as under, Cirrus Clouds: The name originates from the Latin word meaning "curl of hair". These feathery clouds form very high up in the sky (at altitudes between 5 km and 14 km) where it is very cold. [03] They are therefore made up of tiny ice crystals rather than water droplets. Cirrus clouds occur in warm air which is being slowly lifted over a large area by an approaching cold front, and they

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case Essay

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case study) - Essay Example Findings revealed that workforce diversity has both positive and negative impacts on job performance in Walmart and that current diversity-related issues are not that damaging yet to the strategic objectives of the company. Results also showed that the most effective strategy to counter the potential negative impact of workforce diversity in the organization is to implement evidence-based initiatives which are to be introduced in several phases. Moreover, there are multifarious benefits of workforce diversity to the company. Recommendations forwarded include continuously reinforcing positive impacts, neutralizing the negative impact, evaluating diversity profiles, revisiting policies, and soliciting feedback NOW to make sure that the gap between diversity requirements and the mechanisms that address these are limited at tolerable levels. More importantly, Walmart should sustain the momentum of its diverse workforce in bringing value to the company. Introduction: Strategic human resource management (HRM) is an integral approach aimed at reaching organizational goals. It correlates about how an institution directs the performance of its officers and workers within a targeted period to perfect the company’s relation with the market and to ensure that it’s able to achieve shareholders’ expectations based on the confluence and influential factors driven by the state of the economy. Russu (1993) posited that HRM is achieved if an organization has nurtured a formal structure of organization using its human capital in the perfection of desired performance. As such, the company must be able to (a) develop strategic approaches to motivate them in order to engage them in all necessary tasks; (b) permit the organization to function for efficiency and effectiveness of services; (c) adhere to objectives using standards and performance control or systems; (d) make some essential decisions about employment in relation to organizational effectiveness; (e) appreciation of diversity to gather leverage in the market and to make the services harmonious to market; and to nurture high productivity in its economic and corporate activities. Russu (1993) pointed that HRM is therefore about defining strategies to assure concordance in business strategy and human resources strategy. It is also interested about developing a comprehensive process in the application of policies and workplace ethics or practices by setting down the integrated human resources’ desired behaviours and nurturing commitments from workforces. The objectives of this research are to broadly investigate the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay The mobile phone has many advantages and disadvantages. It is easy to contact friends and family. Since the first mobile was created we have been able to make calls to anywhere in the world by the click of a button. You are able to get in touch with people nearly 24/7. You have access to constant internet. Having the internet at your finger tips any time you need it has many advantages. Need to find out want time a movie is on in the cinema? No problem. Need to look up the number of a restaurant you fancy having dinner at? Just use your phone. A mobile phone is an all in one device. Having music, a camera, GPS, phone and mini laptop all in one device is handy. Nowadays we use our phones as our calculator, flashlight and fax machine. Many people do not even own a camera anymore as who needs one when you can high quality shots with you camera phone. Mobile phones also allow us to facetime or Skype family and friends. Skype and facetime allow us to view our friends and family members no matter where they are in the world. These apps also allow you to choose between making a video and a voice call. You can connect with anyone else who has internet connection. People survived for years without carrying a phone with them. Its becoming a necessity for people to carry portable phones with them. Having a phone which is portable is handy for those situations where you break down on a country road; a portable phone can help make sure you are never stuck. Phones nowadays work almost everywhere, there are very few locations where phones dont work. Read more:  Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay A phone helps ensure business people are always in touch with their clients and those who they need to talk to right away, from work or even at home. A portable phone works if charged during power outs, after accidents or whenever an emergency arises, a phone can be a lifesaver. Portable phones are becoming entertainment on the go. From television and movie downloads to games. Portable phones are great for helping people organize their lives. Some phones can handle e-mail addresses, appointments and more. Its like carrying a personal computer with you on the go. Mobile phones do so much that we find ourselves glued to them almost every day instead of people interacting with each other they sit with their eyes stuck to their phones having virtual conversations instead of real ones.  When trying to do work it is hard to concentrate when there is a mobile sitting staring at you as the temptation to have a look on facebook or other websites is huge. Mobile phones can actually cost lives when drivers, focused on their mobile phones lose control of their vehicles and cause major accidents. Not as serious but you could fall down stairs, trip or run into something or someone when you’re stuck on facebook. Most phones nowadays have passwords on them but if you leave your phone unlocked and someone gets a hold of it them all your details are exposed – your contacts, messages, social media accounts and maybe even your bank details. Even if your phone is protected with a password a hacker can still access your information if they really want to. There is a lot of evidence that mobile phones cause damage to the brain. Phones produce radiation and should not be left near you when sleeping. They also affect a lot of people’s sleeping patterns which result in sleeplessness and insomnia. Many people like to be constantly upgraded with the newest phone. Some people want a different phone every month, as well as all the accessories that are now on the market for each mobile phone. Also what is the point of a phone without credit? Mobile phones are bottomless money pits. The landline also has many advantages and disadvantages. A landline always has coverage making it totally reliable and easy to access in the case of an emergency. In case of an unfortunate event of an earthquake or landslide, the mobile phone receives no network while the landline stays active. The reliability of a land line makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about poor reception. Landlines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. If there is no power and a mobile phone dies, the user is without a phone completely if there is no landline connected to a wired phone. A landline home phones will rescue a user when their mobile phone dies. The larger size of a landline phone allows you to more easily cradle the phone between your head and shoulder. In general, landlines are much less expensive than mobile phones. The setup costs, hardware costs and calling costs of mobile phones are all typically higher. Most landline service providers offer free local calls. Keeping a landline at home can help reduce your phone bill and allow you to talk as  long as you want without worrying about racking up charges. Landlines do not meet the needs of people today. Most people spend more time outside the home. Using their mobile phone allows freedom from checking the home recorder for messages. Nowadays if someone is waiting on an important call they do not have to sit at home and wait for the call. They can send and receive calls from anywhere there is phone service. A landline is not portable and it cannot travel with you. Landline service only works inside the home and it also limits the callers ability to move around while on a call. Landline services offer fewer options than mobile phone services. Many mobile phone companies include internet access, text messaging, voice mail and a whole range of applications. Landlines however do not include these options. If you have a landline phone, your number and home address is in the phone book. While there are benefits to having your number listed, theres also one huge disadvantage which is telemarketers. Landline phones are more likely to get calls from telemarketers trying to sell you something at all hours. Thats because many calling centres will scroll through the phone book, calling listed number after number. These can be annoying to phone owners. Landlines consume more energy than cell phones, as they remain plugged in at all times. This is true of cordless landline phones as well, because of the charger required. While mobile phones do not last as long as landlines they are easier to recycle. The Internet has been the greatest means of communication yet. It is now faster and more reliable than ever. Nowadays it is possible to use video, chat and messenger services. There are many ‘chat rooms’ on the web that can be accessed to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great way to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for a job, business opportunities. The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., and right from your home. Entertainment is another popular reason why many  people prefer to surf the Internet. The internet has even become some peoples TV as you can watch endless programmes at the click of a button. Also downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. The Internet has any kind of information on any topic under the sun. The search engines help you to find data on any subject that you need. You can also shop online, there are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. E-mail is another advantage, with e-mail you can send and receive instant electronic messages. Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world. If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. People can access this information through unsecured connections then use your personal details for their benefit. Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. People are drifting apart from their friends and family because of the internet. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. The Internet can be harmful to little children. Children nowadays use the Internet on a daily basis. The Internet has provided a way for children to gain access to all sorts of websites. Cyber bullying is also another huge disadvantage when it comes to the internet. There are now many more ways that people can be harassed and bullied when they have access to the internet. Cyber bullying is one of the worst as it invades the victims’ life in a place they are comfortable in and think they are safe, because they are being harassed in their personal area, cyber bullying leads to more depression decreased self esteem, loneliness and suicide which are all big disadvantages. Another disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of anonymity to a large number of people who have access to different websites and chat rooms available. This has allowed perverted individuals to take advantage of innocent people and abuse their trust. We can always hear from news that paedophiles used  the internet to make crimes. With all its falls the internet has the potential to ma ke your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Having a fax machine certainly has its benefits, there are also disadvantages associated with relying on this sending tool. With a fax machine, you can quickly send documents from one building to another without any cost. Not only does a fax machine make this rapid transfer easier and more cost-effective, it also allows for the transfer to take place more quickly. Fax machines provide senders with a receipt after the document has finished the fax process; the user has some evidence that they did, in fact, send the document. Faxes are delivered immediately to around the globe. This method of data transmission is effective when access to email or file share are unattainable or unfeasible. Fax machines are very inexpensive and several are part of multifunction systems. Just like all technology, fax machines can fail. If a company depends too heavily upon the fax machine and the machine fails to operate, the people using the machine may experience some difficulty. Also you cannot send a fax to someone who does not also have a fax machine; the receiver must have a fax machine to get the document. Documents you sent may not be as safe and secure. Information thieves have ways of pulling information from old fax machines or discarded printing cartridges. Any time you send a document, via fax or otherwise, you open up the possibility of someone accessing your data, putting you at risk. Fax machines take up space and also create an opportunity for mechanical failures that may require costly repairs. Emailing documents takes no additional hardware besides an existing computer, and files can be stored digitally rather than taking up space in paper form. Fax machines need regular maintenance. You have to stock the machines with paper and also supply toner, which are the powdered ink fax machines use to print. There is also the possibility that once a document has been faxed and the information is read or entered into a computer, the paper will be thrown away or recycled. Finally, like every machine, fax machines require occasional cleaning.

The Importance of the Study of Literature to the Christian Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Study of Literature to the Christian Essay After listening and reading lessons about the importance of the study of literature to the Christian, I agree with the fact that electronic media, mainly television is not valuable to study literature and there are two reasons that can validate my opinion. First of all, electronic media makes the society gets lazier. It is due to the fact that Lesson 2 states when people watch television, everything is done for them. People only use the emotional side of their brain and they do not have to think logically. As a result, people are getting lazier because they just accept without thinking by their own will. Second, people today are becoming reliant upon over using electronics. When it comes to actually hands on learning, people need to think for themselves and form images and then they can totally comprehend. Unlike watching television goes to short-term memory, it goes to long-term memory. For instance, it has always been benefiical for me to learn from reading and mirroring practice. When I was a seventh grader, my history teacher let us watch a documentary about modern history. I was dozing off in the middle of class. Also, during watching the documentary, it was easy to be distracted and let my attention wander. Hence, I could not concentrate on my class material and the memory was lasting no longer. It shows that studying with electronic media is not effective. Consequently, studying through electronic media is not essential to learn literature because society is becoming lazier by the day using electronic media to study and reading allows people to do critical thinking. If people start to realize that they do have choices, people should not have to depend on electronic media, especially television to study. All in all, people can think logically with their own volition and make their own decisions.

Methods for Detecting Exoplanets

Methods for Detecting Exoplanets A discussion and comparison of the radial velocity method and the transit photometry method of detecting exoplanets. An exoplanet is a planet that is outside of our solar system orbiting another star, and so far (at 15/01/2017) 3560 exoplanets have been detected [1]. Currently, with modern technology, the two main ways of detecting an exoplanet is using either the radial velocity method or the transit photometry method, both of which having their advantages and disadvantages. Radial velocity works by the exoplanet having a gravitational effect on the star it is orbiting causing the star to move slightly, leading to its detected light spectra being periodically shifted between red-shift and blue-shift as the planet orbits it. The minimum mass can then be calculated from the stars light spectra. Transit photometry can be used to detect exoplanets by observing a periodic reduction in the intensity of light detected from a star caused by the planet going directly in front of it between the star and the earth. The size of the planet can be worked out by measuring the decrease in light and sometimes the composition of the planet can be deduced The radial velocity method, also known as the Doppler spectroscopy method, to detect exoplanets was the first proper method that worked effectively. Orbiting planets cause a star to move slightly due to their gravitational pull, since the planet has mass. This slight movement of the star being orbited affects the light spectrum from that star which is received by observers on Earth. Regular periodic shifts in the stars expected spectrum, which would appear as a wobble, indicates the presence of an orbiting planet [2]. If the exoplanet caused the star to move towards Earth then its light spectrum would be blue shifted, if the star moved away from Earth the spectrum would be red shifted. The mass of the orbiting planet can then be determined, as Kelpers third law of planetary motion can be used to determine the orbital radius of the planet from the mass of the star, calculated using a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and the orbital period of the planet determined from the stars light spectrum. Then Newtons law of gravitation and the orbital law can be used to derive the equation to calculate the velocity of the orbiting planet. With the velocity of the planet, the equation can be used to work out the mass of the detected planet [3]. Using radial velocity is the most common method used to date to detect exoplanets, it has the advantage of not necessarily a very long time comparative to the other methods and is thus useful in large scale surveys to find multiple exoplanets. Unfortunately, it does not give much specific information about the planet itself and hence must be combined with other techniques to obtain information like the planets chemical composition, density, and volume. Other methods could thus have more potential for the future for more in depth analysis of the detected planet [4]. One major complication with radial velocity is that it is difficult tell mass of a detected planet easily, only the minimum mass based on how much star appears to move can be calculated, as it depends on the angle of the orbital plane of the planet. If the angle, ÃŽÂ ¸, is the angle made by the plane perpendicular to the orbit of the planet from the plane of the sight from Earth, then the component in line with Earth is sin(ÃŽÂ ¸). The detected mass, M, is thus the product of the actual mass of the planet and sin(ÃŽÂ ¸).ÂÂ   The larger ÃŽÂ ¸, where 0 [5]. This gives arise to the problem that on a rare occasion a low mass star can be detected in a binary star system and mistaken for a planet due to a mass being calculated much smaller than its actual mass and thus appears more similar to that of a planet because of the plane of its orbit with respect to earth. This method mainly detects planets that are very close to the star, massive, and have very short orbital periods so cause the largest wobbles that dont take very long to detect. Planets like this are often referred to as hot Jupiters, due to them being of similar size, mass, and composition to that of the planet Jupiter in our solar system but they are much closer to the star they are orbiting, hence being hotter [6]. A downside of this is that one of the main purposes of detecting exoplanets is to find planets capable of supporting life, and hot Jupiters are very unlikely to do this. Another main method of detecting exoplanets is called transit photometry. A planet may be detected by taking measurements of the dimming of light emitted by the star it orbits. When the planet passes directly in front of the star, as seen from Earth, it blocks out a fraction of the light that we receive. If this dimming occurs at regular intervals, then it may be deduced that this planet is in orbit and passing in front of the star once every orbital period [7]. The amount of dimming that occurs reflects the ratio of size between the star and planet; since the size of such a star may be determined from its spectrum we may then estimate the planets size. For planets orbiting the same sized star with the same luminosity and same light emission spectra, planets orbiting it will decrease the amount of light received on earth by different amounts depending on the size of the planets [8]. A planet with a radius three times larger than another orbiting planet will lead to a drop in the amount of light received nine times that of the other planet. Hence, the decrease in light received from the star due to a planets transit is proportional to the square of the planets radius and so proportional to the planets cross-sectional area. When this method is combined with radial velocity analysis which gives an estimated mass, the density may be calculated, giving a much clearer picture of the composition of the planet. The planets atmospheric conditions may also be uncovered by analysing the depth of the transit at different wavelengths of light. Light emitted by the star will be absorbed by gases in the planets atmosphere to different degrees at different wavelengths [9]. Therefore, by studying its spectra elements in the atmosphere may be determined. For such analysis to be carried out, searches must continuously cover large portions of the sky and its cluttered light sources over long periods of time. Transit photometry only works, however, when a planet passes directly between its star and the Earth, which is uncommon. For a star one astronomical unit (approximately about 150 million kilometres) away from its star, and the star being the same as the sun earth orbits, the probability of an orbiting planet producing a detectible transit is 0.47%, given that the planet has a random orbital alignment [10]. A planets orbital period could be a very long time, months, or years, but its transit directly in front of the star between it and earth could only be a couple of hours.ÂÂ   Despite this, in very large scale exoplanet finding surveys spanning over extended periods of time and covering potentially thousands of stars, the transit photometry method has been found to be more effective than the radial velocity method at finding a larger number of exoplanets [11]. However, transit photometry has a much larger detection rate of false positives, meaning an exoplanet was thought to be detected using this method but after further investigation was found to be a false detection. A 2012 study found that in single planetary systems, the number of false detections was up to 40%, based on the observations from the Kepler mission [12]. This means that, in the case of single planetary systems, a planetary detection using transit photometry must be verified using another method, which is often radial velocity and sometimes the less common method of orbital brightness modulation. Â   Â   References [1] Schneider, J. 2017. Interactive Extra-Solar Planets Catalogue. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ [2] Astronomy Notes. 2007. The Velocities of Stars. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s8.htm [3] Fischer, D. 2010. Radial Velocity. Yale University. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://exoplanets.astro.yale.edu/workshop/EPRV/Bibliography_files/Radial_Velocity.pdf [4] Zechmeister, M. 2011. Precision radial velocity surveys for exoplanets. 1st ed. [S.l.: s.n.]. [5] The Planetary Society. 2016. Radial Velocity. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/radial-velocity.html [6] Sasselov, D. 2008. Astronomy: Extrasolar planets. Nature. 451(7174). pp.29-31. [7] Shannon, L. and Russell, D. 2012. Exoplanet Transits: Light Curve Photometry. Bangor University. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/181811.pdf [8] The Planetary Society. 2016. Transit Photometry. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/transit-photometry.html [9] Shore, L. 2014. Searching for Exoplanets. Exploratorium Teacher Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.exo.net/~pauld/Venus/ExoPlanets%20and%20Transits.pdf [10] Carroll, M. 2017. Earths of Distant Suns. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p.50. [11] Hidas, M. et al. 2005. The University of New South Wales Extrasolar Planet Search: methods and first results from a field centred on NGC 6633. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 360(2). pp.703-717. [12] Santerne, A., DÃ ­az, F., Moutou, C., Bouchy, F., HÃ ©brard, G., Almenara, M., Bonomo, S., Deleuil, M., Santos, C. 2012. SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. Astronomy Astrophysics. 545. p.A76.

The Mass Media and the Futile Search for Extraterrestrial Life Essay

Sure we've all seen movies and read books about extraterrestrial beings landing on the Earth and conquering the human race. And millions of us have viewed TV shows like "The X-files" and "Third Rock From the Sun." These forms of popular culture share a common thread -- extraterrestrial life. Yet the underlying question is, does the mass media take extraterrestrialism seriously? Or do they mock it? Or do they simply exaggerate its credibility? In the majority of these cases, the mass media not only takes on the third mode of exaggeration, it shifts focus from more important and serious issues such as extraterrestrial life at the cellular level. The media loves to play with the minds of viewers, making them believe in something which realistically is probably untrue. The early history of extraterrestrial life traces back to the 1940s and 1950s. Stories of alien abduction sprang up everywhere becoming a general trend. At the time, alien abduction was defined as the forced removal of a person from his /her physical location to another place. It may include an altered state of awareness for the purpose of physical, surgical or psychological procedures performed by non-humans. After the abduction, the person is returned to his or her physical location and frequently has little or no recollection of the experience. Where did this all begin? It began in 1898 when H.G. Welles published his book The War of The Worlds. The time period was one of huge tension and military armament. This was a marker that World War I was going to break out. Welles novel addressed that very dread. The aliens were from the future and were perceived as an evil threat to mankind. But books like these and TV shows like "The X-Files" are always a projection... ...Visitors?" Frank McConnell,Commonweal Volume 123 #20 Nov.22, 1996 Bibliography Books: Sagan, Carl. Cosmos; Contact. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. Kieffer, H.H. Mars University of Arizona Press 1992 Articles: Sagan, Carl. "The Search for Extraterrestrial Life." Scientific American. October 1994 "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Scientific Quest of Hopeful Folly?" "Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry." Accounts of Chemical Research. July 1992 "A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft." Nature. October 21, 1993. McKay, David. "Evaluating the Evidence for Past Life on Mars." Web Sites: SETI Institute Web Site: http://www.seti-inst.edu/ http:// www.abduct.com/experien.htm http://ntdwwaab.compuserve.com/homepages/Andy page/abduction.htm http.//www.gtm.net/"geibdan"/

Volunteers Should Not Be Rewarded Essay -- volunteering, benefits, rew

Nowadays you can volunteer in different type of places. There are a lot of various organizations that need volunteers. What you can do to help these organizations are help clean parks, go to a foreign country to help from a natural disaster, etc. These are just some of the things you can do at these institutions. When volunteering the question is asked if people who volunteer should receive benefits or a reward for offering their service. I believe they shouldn't because if you’re receiving a benefit it becomes like a part-time job it takes the point of volunteering out of the equation. It also defies the purpose of doing it on your own free will with the purpose of doing good and helping others. First of all the definition of volunteering is offering yourself for a service or you performing willingly and ‘‘without pay’’. If people were to get benefits out of it, it wouldn't be volunteering anymore. The reason people volunteer is for either personal reasons, the need to help others, or to make a change in their community as to make their community a better place. People volunteer for other reasons too it can be because they are forced upon by their parents or a school requirement, or they want to try something new because they have a lot of free time in their hands. Head of PhD George L. says there are risks when volunteers are rewarded or paid. He states "The precise distinctions vary , but the point of difference is that employees get paid for their work — volunteers do not. Pay a volunteer for his or her work and you've transformed the former volunteer into an employee — or at least you've created a plausible basis for that person (or perhaps someone else) to claim he or she is an employee of your nonprofit." another problem ... ...on since it can cause them a lot of troubles plus it can also affect how the volunteer performs if not rewarded properly. Rewards are ok as long as they are properly distributed and it won't cost the institution extra money since they are working for a cause not to lose anything. volunteering is the act of helping others and giving yourself up for a service without pay and I believe in that because it wouldn't be volunteering anymore if you include pay in the same sentence. Works Cited L, George. "Library." Paying Volunteers Risk Management. Risk Management Center , n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Hartman, Rachel. "Rewarding volunteers." Rewarding Volunteers. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Johnson, Adrian. "Michigan Ann Arbor Bay City Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Muskegon Saginaw All Michigan." The Kalamazoo Gazette. N.p., 7 Feb. 2009.

Chaos In William Shakespeares King Lear :: essays research papers

A device which Shakespeare often utilized to convey the confusion and chaos within the plot of his plays, is the reflection of that confusion and chaos in the natural environment of the setting, along with supernatural anomalies and animal imageries. In King Lear, these devices are used to communicate the plot, which is summarized by Gloucester as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   …This villain of mine comes under the prediction: there’s son against father. The King falls from bias of nature: there’s father against child. (Act 1, Sc.1, 115 - 118) The “bias of nature'; is defined as the natural inclination of the world. Throughout the play King Lear, the unnatural inclination of nature, supernatural properties and animal imageries are used by Shakespeare to illustrate the chaotic state of England, which was caused by the treacheries of the evil characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gloucester is a character in the play who firmly believed that man’s fate has supernatural properties that are controlled or reflected by the heaven and stars:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These late eclipses in the sun and moon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Portend us to no good. Though the wisdom of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nature can reason it thus and thus, yet nature finds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  itself scourged by the sequent events. (Act 1, Sc. 2, 109 - 113) This is proclaimed by Gloucester as he is told by Edmund of Edgar’s supposedly treacherous plot to remove him from power. Gloucester’s trust in Edgar faltered as a result of Lear’s irrational banishment of Cordelia and Kent, coupled with recent anomalies in the heavens. Gloucester believed that Lear’s actions also came as a result of the star’s unusual behaviour. Edmund, the treacherous and bastard son of Gloucester, exploits Gloucester’s blind believe in the stars in his plot to oust Edgar out of the inheritance and ultimately to gain all of Gloucester’s wealth and land:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the excellent foppery of the world, that when we are sick in fortune (often the surfeits of the sun, the moon, and stars, as if we were villains on necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion; knaves, thieves, and treacherous by spherical predominance; drunkards, liars, and adulterers by an enforced obedience of planetary influence; and all that we are evil in, by a divine thrusting on. (Act 1. Sc. 2, 125 - 133) As a result of the irrational acts of trust by Lear and Gloucester, the state of England crumbled due to corruptness and treachery of Regan, Goneril and Edmund. At the point of ultimate chaos, Lear is disdained by his two evil daughters and has none of the power and honour of his kingship, and the state of nature reflects this chaos in the form of a tumultuous storm:

Language as a badge of identity Essay

Language is used every day to communicate with one another but beneath that conversation lies another message. The speaker’s use of language gives listeners insight as to who they are, like a badge of identity on their chest. Australian English’s unique phonology and lexicon is recognised globally and distinguishes it from other accents, giving the speaker a clear national identity. Ethno-lects are spoken by a specific group of people who have the same cultural background. These â€Å"ethno-lects† not only help express an individual’s identity and separate themselves from the rest, but also assist in bringing together speakers from similar backgrounds; much like a football jersey. Text speak is constantly evolving as lexemes are taking on new changes. Many teenagers and younger children have begun to adopt this in an attempt to identify with others and fit in. Through language, we can get a glimpse of a person’s identity but they can use the same me dium to change that identity as well. Australian English is unlike other Englishes in many different aspects, especially phonetically morphologically and semantically. Phonology plays a great role in national identity as it is what creates different accents. The broad, ocker Australian accent with its trademark nasal, flattened vowels is one of the key elements of Australian linguistics that sets it apart from the rest of the world. Diphthongs in lexemes like â€Å"high† are more rounded, resulting in /hoÉ ª/. Phonetic features such as these are easily identified as Australian. Slang is another feature of Australian English that sets it apart from others. Replacing suffixes with vowels is a good example of this. â€Å"Afternoon† becomes â€Å"arvo†, names like â€Å"Barry† becomes â€Å"Bazza† and by replacing the last element with an ‘-o’, the adjective â€Å"povo† has undergone a word class shift from the noun â€Å"poverty†. Popular culture has also influe nced Australian English, with ABC television series J’amie, Private School girl introducing a semantic and word class shift of ‘quiche’ (a noun meaning a savoury open-faced pastry) to an adjective to describe an attractive individual. Australia’s linguistic innovation displays individuality and opposes claims that slang is borrowed from America.  Australian English shows both national pride and identity. Teenagers are at the age when they are starting to establish their identity. Neologisms are created by teenagers to claim a different identity from that of children or adults. As adults become more familiar with these lexemes and their use, teenagers abandon them or alter the semantics and use to maintain a linguistic barrier. A good example of this is the well-known acronym â€Å"lol† which stands for Laugh Out Loud. As more adults become aware of this lexical item and start to include it in their daily texts, teenagers have brought it into speech as an exclamatory and discourse particle. The case of the letters now also alters the semantics; when typed in lower-case, â€Å"lol† is sarcastic whilst â€Å"LOL† in capital letters shows true amusement. It is evident that this constant changing of terms by teenagers is a sign of rebellion and an effort to keep a linguistic barrier between themselves and adults, thus maintaining a separate identity. The malleability of the lexicon is taken advantage of by teenagers to form a linguistic barrier between themselves and unwanted people such as adults and other teenagers who don’t belong in their group. Thus, a unique identity is maintained. While teenagers are constantly seeking to separate themselves from children and adults, they are also pressured to conform to the teenage group. Acronyms such as â€Å"idek† (I don’t even know) and â€Å"tbh† (to be honest) are now frequently used lexicon in a teenager’s text vocabulary due to connotations of â€Å"cool† and â€Å"modern† being associated with them. Similarly, whatever was once popular amongst a teenager’s discourse. In time, it was shortened to â€Å"whatevs† and this trend spread quickly amongst them as a result of peer pressure and the need to be fashionable. Professor Steven Pinker suggests the reason for this is because â€Å"the coolest kids decide to talk that way and it spreads like wildfire†. Individuals who wish to associate with others who sit higher on the â€Å"social pyramid† will pick up their speech habits and wear it as a new badge of identity. Having their own exclusive vocabulary allows teenagers to relate to each other and share the same identity, giving them a sense of belonging to a group. Language can be worn as a badge of identity, giving speakers national,  interpersonal and intrapersonal identity. The phonology of Australian English gives the speaker a distinct accent and, paired along with its unique slang, makes it identifiable across the globe. In order to separate themselves from adults and children, teenagers build a linguistic barrier by creating neologisms and maintaining that barrier by constantly altering lexicon to avoid adults becoming too familiar with them. On the other hand, inside the teenage group is a drive to conform and use similar language in an attempt to fit in with peers and to have a sense of belonging. Language is used as a badge of identity regardless of what that identity is. Bibliography Das, S, 2005. Struth! Someone’s nicked me Strine. The Age, 29 January. 34. Seaton, M, 2001. Word Up. Guardian, 21 September. 46.

Scary Moment

One night, In the crowded mall, me and my friend Kathleen were having fun messing around In all the stores. Then, we decided to go to cutbacks and get some refreshing drinks to quench our thirsts from running around the huge mall. When we got to cutbacks, we couldn't wait to taste the caramel franchises in our dry mouths Kathleen let me go In front of her (of course she would, she's so nice), and so she turns around and looks behind her, only to see the scariest man you couldn't even explain it.This guy had black spiky hair with a gun In his pocket, a pack of cigarettes In his jack pocket, and an evil face of a villain. The guy was looking up and down at Kathleen, licking his lips as if he were interested. Kathleen said very loudly, â€Å"Can I Help You?!?!?! â€Å",and he walked outside quietly, still with that evil villain face. Kathleen told me what happened so let her go In front of me.As we waited in the long line that was out the door of cutbacks, the guy was sitting outside , like he was waiting for us, and we could tell that he was plotting to steal, because he had that face that a puppy does when it sees food. As soon as we got our two caramel franchises, we took a run for it. I even dropped some change and didn't even care. When Kathleen ran by where I dropped all my change, she stopped to pick it up. I said, â€Å"Kathleen come on, he's right†¦ † And I didn't even get to finish when he was standing right behind Kathleen. Kathleen Run! † I screamed, and helped her up. Luckily, her mom was in the mall, and we ran in that exact direction, no where else, and he was still chasing us. Finally, we found Sateen's mom and ran right behind her and told her everything bout what had Just happened. We went to the security place and they said they have been looking for this person for 2 weeks and that the same thing happened to 2 other pre-teens just like us. If her mom was not in that mall, we could've been kidnapped and possibly killed!By Ass istantship One night, in the crowded mall, me and my friend Kathleen were having fun messing around in all the stores. Then, we decided to go to cutbacks and get some refreshing When we got to cutbacks, we couldn't wait to taste the caramel franchises in our rye mouths Kathleen let me go in front of her (of course she would, she's so nice), and This guy had black spiky hair with a gun in his pocket, a pack of cigarettes in his Kathleen said very loudly, â€Å"Can I Help You?!?!?! , and he walked outside quietly, still with that evil villain face. Kathleen told me what happened so I let her go in front of some change and didn't even care. When Kathleen ran by where I dropped all my change, she stopped to pick it up. I said, â€Å"Kathleen come on, he's right†¦ † And I didn't other pre-teens Just like us. If her mom was not in that mall, we could've been

Guitars: the History, Types, and Influence

Ariana Kecskes Mrs. Densmore English 9/10 March 11, 2013 Guitars Guitars have been around since the Renaissance. In the late 1400’s, the classical guitar was created. This instrument was known as an â€Å"outcast†, never being played in concerts. Later on, the Spanish guitar was created; the early versions of this were known to have a unique sting layout because they had four sets of two strings. In the 1500’s a fifth set of strings were added to this guitar.Well into the 1500’s, the guitar began to be played in performances. This made guitars more famous, and caused better and improved designs to be made. Many people began to play the guitar, including Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Jackson. Finally, in the 1850’s the modern design for an acoustic guitar was made by C. F. Martin. In the 1800’s, many modern design of guitars evolved from the Italian and French models. People invented new techniques of playing the guitar including, playing and t uning all at once.In the late 1800’s, Orville Gibson began building arch top guitars. Over 78 thousand guitars were made in the year, 1900. The 20th century was a very prosperous time for the guitar. Manufacturers began making steel-stringed guitars which are popular today. In 1931, the first electric guitar was created; they called it â€Å"The Frying Pan†, due to its round shape. However, electric guitars were not popular until 1936, when Gibson made a famous electric model, the ES-150.Later on, guitar crafters made the â€Å"Solid Body Guitar†, because of bad reports on their previous models. Fender created â€Å"The Broadcaster† in 1949, which was the first largely produced guitar. In 1952, Gibson created the popular â€Å"Les Paul†. Fender and Gibson both went on creating guitars almost as in a competition. By the 1960’s, the guitar was fully matured. Gibson produced another electric guitar model in 1961, the ES-335. This was a semi-hol low body guitar.. The Strat and the SG were very popular guitars, especially in the 1960’s.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Studies On Job Satisfaction Education Essay

Job satisfaction is a province whereby an employee is content with the state of affairs around him/her. Satisfaction occurred when you get everything you desire from your work. The accomplishment of one desire to work leads to occupation satisfaction. The desire may be fiscal, prestigiousness, societal acknowledgment or merely to happen something to make or somewhere to travel, etc. Locke ( 1976 ) defined occupation satisfaction as a enjoyable emotional province ensuing from the perceptual experience of one ‘s occupation as carry throughing one ‘s of import occupation values, provided these values are compatible with one ‘s demands. www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" http: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -of-call-center-employees Bram Steijn ( 2000 ) cited ( Hackman & A ; Oldman 1980 ) that believed a higher occupation satisfaction is associated with increased productiveness, lower absenteeism and lower employee turnover. A batch of research or surveies had been carried out on occupation satisfaction. Many of them are carried out to set up the degree of occupation satisfaction among a group of employees or a profession, many establishes the relationship between occupation satisfaction and concepts like committedness to work, motive at work, managerial attacks, productiveness etc. This chapter will discourse the strengths and failings of many of these surveies and besides highlight how this present research will lend to them.2:1Job satisfaction among the professionalsRoberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. They made usage of an first-class occupation satisfaction graduated table called the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires to roll up the information from the 240 samples around the state, 138 questionnaires were returned among which merely 31 % were immature employees. The one – manner analysis plus station hoc which were perfect were used to analyse the information. The per centum of the immature employees used for the analysis was low. In these present surveies 100 % of the samples will be immature employees in order to set up the factors impacting occupation satisfa ction among them. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-at hletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-amon g-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments The findings or the consequences of analysis found that there is important difference ( P less than 0.05 ) in trainers ‘ occupation satisfaction and their assorted employment places. While those in high/upper place ( which assume to be among the old employees ) were most satisfied with their occupations, those in low station were non and these are chiefly the helper trainers and alumnus helper ( chiefly immature employees ) . Even though the survey did non advert the theory used, it was established that the older trainers experience greater occupation satisfaction than immature trainers. This present survey will see utilizing some established theories to buttress its findings. The above survey was supported by K. Chandraiah et Al ( 2003 ) ‘s survey that investigated the consequence of Age on Occupational emphasis and occupation satisfaction among directors of different age groups. They made usage of the Occupational Stress Index and Job Descriptive Index to garner informations from the 105 samples out of which 35 were immature employees. One of the consequences of the findings found that the immature employees/managers are more nerve-racking due to the burden of work and thereby occupation unsated. hypertext transfer protocol: //medind.nic.in/iay/t03/i2/iayt03i2p6.pdf. The graduated tables used were good, the samples were good selected in and around Calcutta metropolis but the figure of the immature employees involved were few. This research aims to concentrate on the immature employees who happen to be the future strength of any administration. Patrick & A ; Manuel, ( 2007 ) besides supported the above in their survey that investigated occupation satisfaction among rehearsing pharmaceutics. They made usage of Rasch Rating Scale Model, gathered informations from 5000 samples throughout the United States but eventually made usage of 840 for the intent of informations analysis. One of their findings which I am really much interested in found that the older, higher-wage earning druggists working at independency pattern sites experience greater sum of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol5num4/pdf/hardigan.pdf.This meant that the immature pharmacists/employees in this survey were less occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al, ( 2005 ) investigated occupation satisfaction of primary wellness attention doctor at capital wellness part discovered that age affect occupation satisfaction and that the higher the age the higher the occupation satisfaction. This consequence indicated that the immature employees are non occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al ( 2005 ) did a really good occupation but the Numberss of immature employees used were few. This survey will utilize 100 % of immature employees as its samples. www.HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † mejfm.comHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † journalHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pd f Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) made usage of bottom-up theory as on one of the theories and questionnaires with high dependability and cogency values in their study of occupation satisfaction of recent alumnuss in fiscal service. One of the consequences of the findings indicated that alumnuss were reasonably satisfied with their occupations and non highly satisfied. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. The usage of immature alumnuss which I can sort as immature employees was first-class but the survey focused on a peculiar professional. This survey will do usage of the bottom-up theory as they did but will include immature employees from other professional Fieldss such as instruction, nursing, call centre, attention workers, conveyance etc. A.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) evaluated the occupation satisfaction degree of Nigeria radiographers working in the South-Eastern, Nigeria. Using 28 item self-completion questionnaires and subsequently analysed the informations with Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , concluded that Nigeria radiographer working in the South – Eastern are non occupation satisfied with their occupation and would prefer another occupation if given a pick. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † .com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf Susan J Linz ( 2002 ) analyzed the nature and range of occupation satisfaction among the Russian workers. The survey was in four different creases, among them was the usage of study informations to place degree of occupation satisfaction by 1200 study participant ; look into the fluctuation in occupation satisfaction explained by differences in worker features e.g. age. Sexual activity. Her findings found that respondents were by and large satisfied with their ain occupation and the sort of work they do in their occupation. It was besides revealed that the older workers ( born before 1965 ) were significantly more satisfied with their occupation and work more than immature workers and older workers besides thought less often about discontinuing. The concentration will be on the immature employees in this survey and will affect merely those in the metropolis. hypertext transfer protocol: //HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf † deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) investigate the degree of occupation satisfaction and purpose to go forth among Malayan nurses. The consequences of the survey found that the nurses were reasonably satisfied with their occupation in all six aspects of occupation satisfaction i.e. satisfaction with supervisors, occupation assortment, closing, compensation, co- workers and HRM/ direction policies. They besides found that the nurses perceived a lower degree of purpose to go forth. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf In support of the above research and some others, Bram Steijn ( 2002 ) cited Reiner and Zhao ( 1999 ) who reported merely a important consequence of age and Ting ( 1997 ) who reported assorted consequences with important effects for age and race but non for instruction and gender. hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † HRMHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † /potsdam/steijn.pdf Contrary to the above findings and some others Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) observed a non-linear relationship between age and the four steps of occupation satisfaction. This non-linearity showed a U- shaped relationship. Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) cited the survey of Clarks ( 1996 ) and Clarks et Al ( 1996 ) that besides reported significantly U shaped form in age for several occupation satisfaction steps. www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to mensurate the general and facet specific occupation satisfaction of the caput instructors and the influence of gender and school location on their occupation satisfaction. They made usage of Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires ( MSQ ) and self developed Individual Data Sheet ( IDS ) to roll up informations from the respondents. Using the SPSS-10, the findings of the survey showed that ; caput instructors were by and large satisfied with their stations ; the female caput instructors were more satisfied that the male caput instructors and that the caput instructors located in the urban countries were more satisfied than those located in the rural countries. This survey will set up among other things the relationship between the occupation satisfaction and metropolis life utilizing 100 % of metropolis based immature employees. www.usindh.edu.pk/suje/ †¦ /Issue % 202007†¦ /Dr_Umar_Ali.pdf2:2Job satisfaction in relation to other conceptsMany research plants had been done to set up the relationship between the occupation satisfactions and other concepts such as organizational committedness, life satisfaction, compensation, managerial manners, wor king status, personality, etc.2:2:1 Organizational committednessStranglen ( 2009 ) defined an organisational committedness as how employee identifies him/herself with the organisation. L.K. Stranglen ( 2009 ) carried out a research to find whether occupation satisfaction correlates with organizational committedness. 76 nursing place foodservice employees were the participants. Job satisfaction and organizational committedness study were used to roll up the information. The findings of the research indicated that satisfaction with work itself correlates to organizational committedness and to other three subcategories: organizational designation, engagement in the administration and trueness. Harmonizing to the survey, satisfaction with work did non correlate with satisfaction with wage, benefit or operational processs. It was besides found that the old ages employed did non correlate with designation, engagement or trueness for the organizational committedness study. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited the survey of Sneed and Herman ( 1990 ) that found hospital nutrient service employees 29 old ages old and younger were less committed to the organisation than were employees over 30 old ages. Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides cited Shen, Pitt-Catsouphes and Smyer ( 2007 ) , they reported that older employees are more likely to describe high committedness to employer than either immature employees or employees at the mid – life. . www.minds.winsconsin.edu Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides indicated that immature employees scored lower on trueness which was one facet of committedness. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited Feinstein and Vondrasek ( 2001 ) who found that employees could be more committed to the organisation by increasing compensation, working conditions and bettering policies. All the above research plants indicated that immature employees have less organisational committedness. This I think may be as a consequence of occupation dissatisfaction. This survey will look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees and besides analyses the possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life, managerial attacks and chance gained at work. The survey will do usage of 100 % immature employees as the participants. Adeyinka, et Al ( 2007 ) investigated work motive, occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness of library forces in academic and research libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. They used a modified questionnaire tagged â€Å" Work motive, Job satisfaction and Commitment ( WMJSCS ) to roll up the information from 200 library forces. The instrument consisted of 3 parts viz. motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness. The consequences of the survey found that there is a correlativity between perceived motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness although the correlativity between motive and committedness was negative. In other instance, motive is seen as an ingredient that increases employees ‘ public presentation and occupation satisfaction. The findings besides confirmed that there is a relationship between the organisation committedness and occupation satisfaction. This indicated that those employees who are occupation satisfied may be committed to the organisation. www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/tella2.pdf2:2:2Life satisfactionAndrew J Wefald et Al ( 2008 ) studied the relationship of life and occupation satisfaction to emerging attitude, utilizing 532 participants of 62 % males and 37 % females. They made used of ego developed questionnaires and many others studies such as Life Satisfaction ( Diener, Emmons, Larsen & A ; Griffing, 1985 ) . The survey found a correlativity between life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction was important at 0.36 ( P less than 0.01 ) . Their hierarchal arrested development analysis revealed that, after commanding for demographic variables, occupation attitude predicted both life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction nevertheless the relationship was stronger for occupation satisf action. www.midwestacademy.org/Proceedings/ †¦ /Wefald, Smith, etal_33.pdf. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life among the immature employees.2:2:3Training and Workplace public presentationMelanie K. Jones et Al ( 2008 ) in their paper analysed the relationship between preparation, occupation satisfaction and workplace public presentation utilizing the British 2004 Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS ) found that workers who receive really short sum of preparation ( less than one twenty-four hours ) in the old twelvemonth are really less satisfied on several dimensions than those who received no preparation at all. They besides considered an interaction between age and preparation and discovered a important aˆÂ ¦. ? ? ? for workers in their mid-thirtiess. The interaction footings used were besides important for those whose term of office is either 2 or less than 5 or 5 to less than 10 old ages. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and cha nce ( developing, pay etc ) gained from the occupation among the immature employees http: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf. Melanie K. Jones et.al ( 2008 ) cited the survey of Siebern-Thomas ( 2005 ) , who found that occupation satisfaction tended to be greater where there was handiness of work preparation. Besides cited Hersch ( 1991 ) , he found that over educated workers were less satisfied than adequately educated workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf2:2:4Job emphasisNilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) investigated the relationship between occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia ; the purpose of the survey was to place stressor issues that will act upon the academy staffs ‘ occupation satisfaction. They made usage of 300 respondents from the public university in Klang Valley and besides use transver se – sectional analysis, descriptive analysis and arrested development analysis to analyze the information collected. The followers are some of the findings of the study- there was a relationship between direction function and occupation emphasis ; the association between relationship with others and occupation emphasis was non important ; the relationship between function ambiguity and occupation emphasis is important ; the relationship between the occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction is important. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf Nilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) cited the UK survey of ( Townley 2000 ) that indicated that the bulk of the workers were unhappy with the current civilization where they were required to work drawn-out hours and header with big work loads while at the same time run intoing production marks and deadlines. They besides cited ( Alexandros-Stamatios et Al, ( 2003 ) that concluded that direction function of an administration is one of the facets that affect work related emphasis among workers. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf2:2:5Individual and occupation related factorsSariye Gaziolu and Aysit ( 2002 ) observed the occupation satisfaction in Britain sing single and occupation related factors. The four steps of occupation satisfaction considered were ; satisfaction with influence over occupation, satis faction with the sum of wage, satisfaction with sense of accomplishment and occupation satisfaction with regard from supervisors. The paper analysed the above steps of occupation satisfaction utilizing a information of 28240 British employees Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS97 ) and investigated their relationship to single and occupation features. The findings of the survey indicated that adult females were more satisfied with assorted facets of their occupation compared to work forces. They besides observed that satisfaction with the sense of accomplishment and satisfaction with regard from the supervisor reached a lower limit at the ages of 22 and 28 old ages severally. They observed that those with higher degrees of instruction have lower satisfaction than those with low degree of instruction. They besides observed that developing chance in the past twelvemonth led to occupation satisfaction as compared to no preparation. A non-linear relationship between constitution size and the four steps of satisfaction was besides observed.www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf2:2:6PersonalityJennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) evaluated how personality and occupation satisfaction affect occupation public presentation in employees at a Central Wisconsin fire section. The chief aim of her survey was to see if there was any relationship betw een occupation public presentation, personality and occupation satisfaction. Among other graduated tables used were Cattell ‘s 16 Personality Factors and the participants were all the 38 fire combatants in a local fire section. She found that most of the employees were by and large satisfied with the occupation, work on present occupation and people on present occupation. The survey besides pointed out that most of the employees were unsated with wage, supervising and chance for publicity. The consequences of the 16 Personality Factors graduated table used indicated Warmth and Sensitivity factor as the lowest while the highest mean was found for the Self-Reliance factor. Job satisfaction was positively correlated with the personality factors of animation, leading possible and self-esteem but was negatively correlated with laterality, tenseness and independency. Jennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) cited Abraham ( 2000 ) that found that personality cynicism was the best forecaster of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2002/2002skibbaj.pdf Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) cited Purani and Sahadev ( 2007 ) who argued that while issues like supervisory behavior and compensation signifier a portion of the micro issues sing a gross revenues individual ‘s battle with the organisation, the overall policies and schemes sing the forces is associated with a macro position with respect to the individual ‘s rating of the organisation. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) saw compensation as one of the most extrinsic indexs of occupation satisfaction and argued that this dimension determines the degree of occupation satisfaction of employees by cognizing how much they are satisfied with the wage or compensation or any other security their occupations have provided to them. They cited Churchill et Al ( 1974 ) that considered compensation as one among the dimensions of occupation satisfaction among gross revenues people. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf2:3:0JOB SATISFACTION – Theory2:3:1Bottom-up theory and the top-down theory.Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) conducted a research to explicate how two societal theories compete to explicate what determines occupation satisfaction: the â€Å" bottom-up theory † and the â€Å" top-down † theory. The bottom-up theory fundamentally indicates that individuals have desires and they will be glad if their desires are met or satisfied. The sum of positive and negative effects is used to set up felicity. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. If the positive effects are larger than the negative effects, persons will judge their life as happy. Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) explained that top-down theory indicates that there is â€Å" a planetary leaning to see things in a positive manner. † In other words, all persons have a desire to be happy and this attitude will be the major influence on their lives. Therefore, feelings about occupation satisfaction are generated in one of two ways: from the underside up by adding positive effects and deducting negative 1s, or from the top down by the diffusion of one ‘s desire to be happy. ( Sharon and Zhan, 2003 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm2:3:2Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsStranglend ( 2009 ) cited and explained Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs as the theory that is based on a hierarchy of demands. Besides cited Bor, Kraft and Sjunnesson, 2007 ) that indicated that the theory can be showed as a pyramid that has five degree s get downing from physiological, safety, love/belonging, regard and so self-actualisation which are grouped as lack demands. Maslow believed that to actuate an single he/she must run into the basic demands of nutrient, shelter and heat, and so travel to the following degree until he/she reached the highest degree self-actualisation, a degree where one purses interior endowment, creativeness and seeks fulfillment. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:3Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) , besides Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor Theory that was developed by Frederick Herzberg. The theory suggested Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction are influences upon employees from two factors known as Incentives ( intrinsic factors ) and Hygiene ( extrinsic factors ) . ( Allen, 1998 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt0120533/ . The factors affect motive at workplace. It was further explained that Dissatisfaction is related to fortunes near to the work environment such as working conditions, security, wages, quality of supervising and relationship with colleagues instead than from the occupation itself. Deficiency of any of these conditions could do dissatisfaction but has small consequence on long-run satisfaction. These factors are referred to as hygiene or care factors by Herzberg. Satisfaction is the relationship to the occupation itself or aspect from it. This includes the nature of occupation, acknowledgment, accomplishment, personal growing and promotion. Herzberg regards them as incentives. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:4Locke ‘s Value TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited and explained Locke ‘s Value Theory. A portion of the theory indicated that satisfaction is achieved when occupation consequences the employees receive matche those results they desire. It besides indicated that the more consequences people value and receive from the occupation, the more they are satisfied and frailty versa. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) who stated that the chief intent of Locke ‘s theory is understanding the disagreement between what one desires in a occupation and what one has in a occupation that affects satisfaction. For illustration, if one desires to be recognised in a occupation and that same employee received acknowledgment, he/she will be satisfied. If such an employee was non recognised, he/she may be dissatisfied. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:5Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory emphasised that employees are motivated to make their occupations when they achieve what they want or really expected from the occupation. It besides explains the function of motive in the overall work environment. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1977 ) who stated that an of import portion of anticipation theory is motive coupled with an employee ‘s expertness and capablenesss, function perceptual experience and chance which influence occupation public presentation. There are managerial methods of anticipation theory that can assist to actuate employees. Harmonizing to them, good directors will inform the employee what is expected from and will assist them to make the coveted degree of public presentation. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:6Equity theoryA.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) cited the equity theory which views motive as reliant upon the demand for just intervention ( Porter, 1961 ) and the end or purpose theory which postulates that public presentation is determine by the end to which an employee is committed ( Vroom, 1964 ) Stranglend ( 2009 ) the theory explains that the employee is satisfied if the input ( disputing work, making ) is equal to the end products ( wages, benefits ) . This is what it ‘s referred to as equality. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:7Job Characteristic ModelRajah ( 2009 ) cited Hackman and Oldham that proposed the Job Characteristic Model, which states that there are five core occupation characteristic which impact three critical psychological provinces. The five nucleus occupation characteristic accomplishments assortment, undertaking individuality, undertaking significance, liberty and feedback. All these are combined together to organize a motivative possible mark. The three critical psychological provinces are experient meaningfulness, experient duty for results and cognition of the existent consequences. All these influence work outcomes ( occupation satisfaction, absenteeism, etc ) . ( Rajah, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slideshare.net/roadies_virus/job-sat isfaction-18814812:4:0Job satisfaction – The graduated tablesIn mensurating occupation satisfaction of the employees, the most common agencies of informations aggregation is Likert Scale. Others are yes/no inquiries, true/false inquiries, points systems, checklist, and forces pick replies. ( Rajah, 2009 ) The major and common graduated tables used for mensurating occupation satisfaction apart from the ego developed questionnaires are:2:4:1The occupation descriptive index ( JDI ) :Stranglen ( 2009 ) explained that the graduated table or questionnaire is based on yes, no or a inquiry grade replies. The inquiries are based on how satisfied the employees are about their occupations and non on how they feel about it. The scale consists of five aspects of occupation satisfaction which are ; satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the wage, satisfaction with the chance for publicity and satisfaction with supervising. ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) as cited by Stranglen ( 2009 ) . Many research workers had made usage of this graduated table. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. This survey will do usage of this graduated table to look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees.2:4:2The Minnesota satisfaction questionnaires ( MSQ )Strangled ( 2009 ) explained MSQ as a graduated table that is developed into two signifiers. The short signifier that contains 20 points step overall satisfaction. The long signifier contains one hundred points and steps 20 aspects. Harmonizing to ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) in ( Strangled, 2009 ) , the graduated tables allow the employees to rate their dissatisfaction to satisfaction about assorted facets of aspects of the occupation. Besides harmonizing to them, the higher the mark on the Likert scale the higher the satisfaction. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. MSQ have been used by tonss of research workers. For illustration, Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) cited McCann ( 2001 ) who made usage of MSQ in his survey to mensurate the occupation satisfaction of managers in California and Dutka ( 2002 ) besides use the same questionnaires in his survey on occupation satisfaction and organisational clime relationship for female decision makers of higher instruction establishment. Roberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) besides made usage MSQ to analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protoco l: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pr otocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pro tocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments2:4:3The occupation satisfaction study ( JSS )This graduated table was originally developed by Paul Spector ( Field, 2002 ) cited by Strangled ( 2009 ) to measure occupation satisfaction for the human service organisations. It has 36 inquiries based on a Likert graduated table with nine aspects that assess attitudes and facet of the occupation. There are four points within each of the nine aspects. Some of the inquiries in the graduated table demand to be rearward when marking. Richard A. Murray ( 1994 ) made usage of somewhat modified version of JSS to look into occupation satisfaction of professional and paraprofessional library staff at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.2:4:4The occupation diagnostic study ( JDS )Siti Zawiah Dawal and Zahari Taha ( 2006 ) made usage of the JDS to look into the relationship between occupation satisfaction, occupation characteristic and environmental factors that affect work design in two automotive fabrication companies in Malaysia. www.penerbit.utm.my/onlinejournal/44/A/JTJun44A5.pdf